Propositions
We Propose to Persuade
At a 2004 political convention a young, little-known Senator from Illinois electrified people at the convention hall and those watching on tv with many propositions, these among them:
“It is that fundamental belief—I am my brother’s keeper, I am my sister’s keeper—that makes this country work. It’s what allows us to pursue our individual dreams, and yet still come together as one American family. ‘E pluribus unum.’ Out of many, one. Now even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us, the spin masters, the negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there is not a liberal America and a conservative America—there is the United States of America. There is not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America; there is the United States of America. The pundits like to slice-and dice our country into Red States and Blue States; Red States for Republicans, Blue States for Democrats. But I’ve got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the Blue States, and we don’t like federal agents poking around our libraries in the Red States. We coach Little League in the Blue States, and yes we've got some gay friends in the Red States. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and there are patriots who supported the war in Iraq. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America.”
You may have heard of the young Senator, and perhaps about his propositions, as he later became the 44th President of the United States in 2008; only four years after his substantial speech. Why were his propositions in that speech so compelling? Good question.
Propositions go by many names: claims, statements, declarations, affirmations, utterances, pronouncements, and divulgence. Most literal proposals (a close cousin of propositions) mean “to place in front of.” So, when Senator Obama was emphasizing unity and common ground he was placing those claims or declarations “in front of” his audience for consideration.
Propositions frequently show up in our daily lives. In your social media feeds, how many friends or relatives do you know who seem taken in by conspiracy theories? Even a quick look at conspiracy propositions, however, reveals that propositions have many interrelated parts. Most typically if your cousin makes this claim or proposition: “The majority of people in Kansas are criminals.” You would be well within your argument rights to require that your cousin provide evidence or proof (more propositions or pronouncements) that would provide support for such an outlandish claim. Evidence, then, also raises questions: where did your evidence come from? how did you arrive at your evidence? is your evidence sound? is your evidence representative? Each answer to those questions (and other related questions) requires yet more propositions. But, interestingly, evidence can’t stand by itself; frequently, yet another proposition conceptually ties together propositions and evidence supporting those propositions.
So, if I make the claim that peanut butter sticks to the roof of your mouth, then (when challenged) I offer evidence that the last dozen times I’ve eaten peanut butter it has managed to stick to the roof of my mouth, you might well ask if my experience provides worthwhile or sound evidence. So, if I successfully link my claim “peanut butter sticks to the roof of human mouths” to my evidence of personal experience of that dynamic, then my connecting proposition is “your experiences with peanut butter will mimic my experiences with peanut butter since we have similarly constructed mouths.”
Again, we find people influencing us (or trying to) at work in the marketplace, the courts, entertainment, sports, music, and healthcare (to name but a few) using propositions to persuade, inform, delight, and (sometimes) vex us. Since we've only scratched the surface of propositions (and other kinds of verbal communication) here, make sure you can continue your exploration of propositions. Follow up and do more reading and thinking about propositions and persuasion, find below some important sources to choose from.
Explore Sources
Almossawi, Ali. An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments. The Experiment, 2014.
Boardman, Frank, Nancy M. Cavender, and Howard Kahane. Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life. 13th ed. Cengage, 2017.
Lunsford, Andrea A. and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Everything's an Argument. 9th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2021.
Pierce, Dann L. Rhetoric Criticism and Theory in Practice. 4th ed. River Kishon, 2019.
Apple Books version CLICK HERE
Knowing how propositions are used in public persuasive messages can add much to your understanding of cultural persuasion. Learn more by clicking here: